<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<section version="3.1" id="w16x31" category="W">
  <designation>W16x31</designation>
  <name>W16x31 Wide-flange shape</name>
  <altDesignation>W410x46.1</altDesignation>
  <shape>I</shape>
  <productStandard ref="ASTM-A6"/>
  <nominalMass unit="kg/m">46.133</nominalMass>
  <dimensions>
    <dim key="d" unit="mm" label="Depth" status="UNVERIFIED">403.86</dim>
    <dim key="bf" unit="mm" label="Flange width" status="UNVERIFIED">140.462</dim>
    <dim key="tf" unit="mm" label="Flange thickness" status="UNVERIFIED">11.176</dim>
    <dim key="tw" unit="mm" label="Web thickness" status="UNVERIFIED">6.985</dim>
    <dim key="r1" unit="mm" label="Root radius" status="UNVERIFIED">10.211</dim>
  </dimensions>
  <properties>
    <prop key="A" unit="mm2" label="Gross area" status="CALCULATED">5894</prop>
    <prop key="mass" unit="kg/m" label="Mass per metre" status="CALCULATED">46.2692</prop>
    <prop key="Ix" unit="mm4" label="Second moment of area Ix" status="CALCULATED">156574594</prop>
    <prop key="Zx" unit="mm3" label="Elastic section modulus Zx (min)" status="CALCULATED">775390</prop>
    <prop key="Sx" unit="mm3" label="Plastic section modulus Sx" status="CALCULATED">887512</prop>
    <prop key="rx" unit="mm" label="Radius of gyration rx" status="CALCULATED">162.9856</prop>
    <prop key="Iy" unit="mm4" label="Second moment of area Iy" status="CALCULATED">5176085</prop>
    <prop key="Zy" unit="mm3" label="Elastic section modulus Zy (min)" status="CALCULATED">73701</prop>
    <prop key="Sy" unit="mm3" label="Plastic section modulus Sy" status="CALCULATED">115421</prop>
    <prop key="ry" unit="mm" label="Radius of gyration ry" status="CALCULATED">29.6339</prop>
    <prop key="J" unit="mm4" label="Torsion constant J" status="CALCULATED" note="Approximate thin-walled value, fillets neglected">174055</prop>
    <prop key="Iw" unit="mm6" label="Warping constant Iw" status="CALCULATED" note="Iy·(d−tf)²/4">199539025062</prop>
    <prop key="extArea" unit="m2/m" label="External surface area" status="CALCULATED">1.3381</prop>
  </properties>
  <source>
    <publisher>Pending verification – nominal dimensions entered by the application developer</publisher>
    <document>ASTM A6/A6M and AISC Shapes Database (W-shapes)</document>
    <edition/>
    <publicationYear/>
    <pageReference/>
    <lastUpdated>2026-10-12</lastUpdated>
    <verificationStatus>UNVERIFIED</verificationStatus>
    <notes>Dimensions converted from the inch values of the AISC shapes database (d, bf, tw, tf, kdes; root radius = kdes − tf). Nominal weight 31 lb/ft. Verify against ASTM A6/A6M and the AISC Steel Construction Manual before design use.</notes>
  </source>
  <tags>
    <tag>popular</tag>
  </tags>
</section>
